THE PROBLEM WITH THE UNIVERSE
The inflationary model of the universe is wrought with anomalies that scientists have been struggling with for some time. How could an entire universe be born from nothing? Why would space itself accelerate away from us and violate laws of thermodynamics? Why do we see so much less matter in the universe than what is required for it to exist? In fact, the probability of our universe evolving as predicted by currently accepted Big Bang models is somewhere around 1 in 1,000,000,000,000,000,000.
“If one part in one million, million, million, were off during the inflationary period of the universe, it would have either expanded into oblivion, or have collapsed under it’s own weight” – Stephen Hawking
There is no doubt in my mind that traditional inflationary theories of the universe are incorrect, so after a few years of thought experiments and a little mathematics I’ve developed a theory which fits observation, is elegantly simple, does not violate laws of thermodynamics, supports statistic probability, solves several observed astronomical unsolved mysteries, rids us of the need for complex and abstract theories, simplifies the mathematics of the Lambda-CDM model, and as far as I can tell hasn’t been proposed.
THE CONCEPT
Could it not be possible that the illusion of cosmic acceleration is caused by the lensing effects of an overwhelming gravitational pressure, permeating space and time, and similar in scope to the CMBR (which consequently may be further evidence of this phenomenon)? The effects of this lensing would mathematically (via the principle of equivalence) mirror the redshift data collected from the outermost regions of space as would be evident in observed cosmological mysteries such as the Pioneer Anomaly, Olber’s Paradox and more. Consequently this would mean that the universe is not accelerating in principle (eg. An accelerated recession of the outermost regions of space), but rather, the universe appears to be in an accelerated state due to distortion of spacetime over proportional distances.
Consider this gravitational constant to be as overwhelmingly prevalent as the CMBR. Everywhere one looks outward to the cosmos this constant force is acting on all objects to infinitum (ie. This universe must not be closed). When we look outward we notice the effects of this gravitational “cloud” on galaxies beyond our own. The farther we look, the more this gravitational lens/cloud distorts our vision, making distant objects appear to be moving away from us (redshifted), when they are merely resisting the pull of gravity from all sides.
When the far reaches of space are measured by distant observations, it appears as if the deeper we look, the faster objects are accelerating away from us. Given the odds against a big bang, or a closed universe, would it not be most logical to think of our universe as defined only by our ability to perceive: in that space-time folds in on itself at our own personal event horizon in an otherwise infinite system? In this world the universe could be infinite and unmoving, but appear to be accelerating away from us, in that distant stellar objects are actually resisting lightyears of gravitational pressure between the observer and the observed. This pressure, or constant, is responsible for redshifting distant objects, and thus our universe, it would seem, is more static than originally thought. When we move ourselves to a nearby galaxy we see the same acceleration in distant stellar objects (space looks identical from all frames of reference), only the center of our universe has been displaced, and new systems at the edge of our new horizon have been revealed.
In this world the arrow of time is created simply by one’s existence, that when we look outward, the universe is actually pointing back at us, or to any mass for that matter. That way every scientist gets to be a narcissist.
EVIDENCE: PIONEER ANOMOLY
So one day I’m researching this theory and I come across an interesting thing, the Pioneer Anomaly. It goes something like this:
The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect is the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about 20 astronomical units (3×109 km; 2×109 mi) on their trajectories out of the Solar System.
Both Pioneer spacecraft are escaping the Solar System, but are slowing under the influence of the Sun’s gravity. Upon very close examination of navigational data, the spacecraft were found to be slowing slightly more than expected. The effect is an extremely small but unexplained acceleration towards the Sun, of 8.74±1.33×10−10 m/s2. The two spacecraft were launched in 1972 and 1973 and the anomalous acceleration was first noticed as early as 1980, but not seriously investigated until 1994.[1] The last communication with either spacecraft was in 2003, but analysis of recorded data continues. There is currently no definitive explanation for this anomaly.
Original mathematics (pre Nieto) for Pioner vs. Edge of Universe
After reading this I started to get excited. I thought if this could somehow relate to our observations of cosmic acceleration then it could be indicative of a source of evidence for a gravitational constant. Without a math background I did what I could to scribble down some logic. If the spacecraft slowed by x speed over y distance then it would predict that something would slow down by 2/3rd at the distance attributed to the edge of our universe. A few simple calculations and what do we see? Radiowaves! EMR (light from distant galaxies) slowed down by 2/3rd, which is exactly what we observe at the edge of our perceivable universe via the VLA in NM (radio telescope). What’s the significance of this? THE SAME FORCE IS ACTING ON THE PIONEER SPACECRAFT THAT ACTS ON THESE DISTANT GALAXIES….
The only challenge was to check my mathematics, and after some research found that another scientist, Michael Martin Nieto noticed the same relationship in 1994…
Michael Martin Nieto almost fell out of his chair when he calculated this data in 1994 and found “the value of the Pioneer anomaly almost exactly equaled the so-called “cosmic acceleration”—the speed of light ‘c’ multiplied by the Hubble constant ‘H’—suggesting the anomaly’s cause lay within the foundation of physics.” – http://www.popsci.com/pioneeranomaly
Nieto and other scientists initially attributed this anomaly to Cosmic Inflation, but the idea was thwarted when scientists argued that this inflation would then have a noticeable affect on our solar system… And those scientists would be right if the universe were finite and inflating as currently thought to be. However in an infinite universe with a constant gravitational pressure, a heliocentric “closed” system wouldn’t be affected. A constant gravitational pressure is not evident within our solar system because it is a constant property of that system (like inside Einstein’s elevator), and would only be evident in objects exiting this system. In our closed system we have no way of perceiving this effect, in that our rulers abide by the same rules as our observations, unless an object were to leave our system (see – Pioneer anomaly, Hipparcus anomaly).
The significance of this is that, to date, there is some unknown force acting on objects leaving our solar system, which happens to mathematically mirror the accelerations of our observations of distant space. This is prime evidence for a constant gravitational pressure.
THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS
Put yourself at the center of an imaginary black hole. First lets pretend your electrons didn’t get smashed into your nuclei. Second, lets pretend you can see out into outer space without issue. How would space around you look different? We know why Black Holes are named as such, because their gravity is so strong, that even light bends into and around it. Looking outward towards the universe you see many things just like on earth, except for one difference. Everything looks redshifted. The gravitational field that you’re looking through is so strong, that any object not falling into the black hole would be resisting it’s immense gravitational pull, and thus the light hitting your eye would be redshifted. This is similar (although on a much more acute scale) to what we see when we look beyond our galaxy.
Okay, lets do a thought experiment: Lets imagine gravity as a giant cloud of fog and lets say a very thin cloud of fog has just rolled into our universe. I mean one giant, huge, gargantuan cloud that covers all of creation. This fog is different though because it actually stretches the wavelength of light, so the more fog we’re trying to see through, the redder things look. Now, the fog is isn’t very dense so over short distances it’s easy to see through it without noticing anything, and since we’re so used to the fog obstructing our view within our own solar system we don’t even notice it. Even when we look outward over 80,000 light years across our galaxy we don’t really notice much fog. We do notice it when we look into deep space though. The farther we look into space, the more difficult it gets to see – that is, the more “red” everything appears. But when we look really really deep into space, we start to see it building up. The farther we try and look, the more fog there is, and this fog is making everything look red. So red in fact, that at the deepest reaches of the universe the fog stretches the lightwave out so long that we can only faintly see it as radio waves (radio waves have a much longer wavelength). Of course we’re talking about 75 Billion Light Years away, so really, the fog isn’t super dense. But remember, we’re talking about gravity here, not fog in reality.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE
Results of a gravitational constant are identical to what is observed and are maintained by the following:
– Cosmological Acceleration and Lambda-CDM mathematics
– Redshit via Equivalence Principle
– CMBR for propagation of gravitational constant (EMR gravitation, Entropic Gravity)
– Olbers Paradox (the reason the sky isn’t stars as far as they eye can see)
– Finger of God (the reason distant objects appear to be stretched and pointing back at us)
– Yields masses required by Dark Matter theory
– Horizon problem is no longer a problem (current scientific models question the reasons for an isotropic universe)
– Gives further credence to relativistic universe and the cosmological constant
– Creates a thermodynamic arrow of time based upon relativistic mass
All of the above are supported by inflationary theories only though complex schemes. In this infinite gravitational constant we see a simple, elegant, and plausible cause for all of the above.
More on this topic will be posted soon.
ericllevin 